THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY,Exercise has been shown to be an effective intervention for improving body image among both women and men. This chapter begins with a review of the meta-analytic evidence regarding the effects of exercise on body image. We then provide a comprehensive assessment of potential mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on body image. Three mechanisms are discussed: objective changes in physical fitness, perceived changes in physical fitness, and changes in self-efficacy. An analysis of potential moderators of the exercise–body image relationship follows. Finally, we present a review of emerging topics in the exercise intervention and body image literature and provide recommendations for body image research within the field of exercise psychology.